ALPHABET
AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS--HISTORY
AMERICAN PERIODICALS--HISTORY
ART, PRIMITIVE
BOOKS--HISTORY
CAVE DRAWINGS
COMMUNICATION--HISTORY
FIFTEENTH CENTURY (and others)
ILLUMINATION OF BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS
LIBRARIES--HISTORY
MAN, PREHISTORIC, IN ART
MANUSCRIPTS--HISTORY
MASS MEDIA
MASS MEDIA--PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Names of individual typographers, printers, etc.
PAPER--HISTORY
PAPERMAKING AND TRADE--HISTORY
PAPERMAKING AND TRADE--U.S.--HISTORY
PETROGLYPHS
PICTURE-WRITING
PRINTING--HISTORY
PRINTING--HISTORY--ASIA
PRINTING--HISTORY-ORIGIN AND ANTECEDENTS
PRINTING--HISTORY--U.S.
PRINTING--SPECIMENS
PUBLISHERS AND PUBLISHING--U.S.--HISTORY
TECHNOLOGY AND CIVILIZATION
TYPE AND TYPEFOUNDING--HISTORY
WRITING--HISTORY
D 203
E 98-99
N 5310
ND 2890s-3399s
NK 3600
NK 3615
P 90
P 94
P 211
PJ 4589
PN 4832
PN 4855
TS 1090
TS 1095
Z 4
Z 105
Z 112
Z 114
Z 116
Z 124
Z 126
Z 186
Z 208-209
Z 250
Z 473
Z 723
Z 987
Z 992
Z 1227
Acrophonic principle
Albion Press
Armarium
Ascenders
Baskerville
Bed and platen press
Black letter
Block prints
Book hand
Book of hours
Boustrophedon
Breviary
Byblos
Cannon tables
Carole
Caroline miniscule
Chain lines
Chase
Chromolithography
Codex
Coffin
Cold media
Colophon
Columbia press
Composing stick
Compositor
Coucher
Counter punch
Cuneiform
Cursive principle
Cylinder press
Cylinder seal
Deckle
Demotic
Descenders
Determatives
Diptych
Exemplar
Explicit
Felt
Felting
Folio
Font
Form
42 line Bible
Frisket
Fourdriner
Galley
Glazing hammer
Gutenberg galaxy
Hieratic
Hieroglyphic
Historiated initial
Hollander
Hot media
Iconography
Ideogram
Illumination
Incipit
Incunabula
Ink balls
Jobbing platen press
Justification
Laid lines
Lapidary capitals
Layman
Liber
Librarii
Ligature
Linotype
Lithography
Majuscule
Matrix
Mergenthaler
Mnemonic devices
Miniature
Miniscule
Monotype
Mound
Object writing
Ocher
Octavo
Offset printing
Pagina
Paleography
Palimpsest
Paper
Papyrus
Parchment
Petroglyph
Phonogram
Pictogram
Platen
Potshards (ostrraca)
Proprietary marks
Proto-sinaitic alphabet
Psalter
Punch
Private press
Quarto
Quippu
Quire
Quoins
Rebus principle
Reel rods
Rosetta stone
Rotary printing press
Rubricatores
Rubrics
Rustic capitals
Scripto continua
Scriptorium
Semi-uncial
Senefelder
Sense ratio
Serifs
Service book
Sizing
Square capital
Stamping mill
Stanhope press
Stationer
Stylus
Surfacing
Sympathetic magic
Tablets
36 line Bible
Ts' Ai Lun
Type mound
Uncial
Vat
Vatman
Vellum
Volumen
Water mark
Wooden furniture
Writing
Xerography
Xylographic books
Zoomorphic
A. Rock painting, 20,000 - 10,000 BC
A. Sumeria - Babylon - Assyria (ca. 3,000 BC -)
1. Format
a. Material: clay
b. Form: tablets, cyliners, hexagonal prisms
c. Script: cuneiform, 4,000 BC, impressed with a triangular stylus
d. Illustration: simple line drawings
2. Key to the decipherment of cuneiform writing: Behistun Rock, a trilingual inscription carved on a cliff near Kirmanshah, Iran
a. Babylonian language
b. Elamite language
c. Old Persian language
3. Famous examples
a. Creation and Deluge Epics
b. Epic of Gilgamesh
c. Code of Hammurabi
4. Libraries and archives
a. Royal libraries, especially of Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, 669-626 BC at Nineveh
b. Temple libraries
c. Hittites (1900-1200 BC) left approximately 15,000 clay tablets
B. Egypt (ca. 3,000 BC -)
1. Format
a. Material: papyrus
b. Form: roll
c. Script: hieroglyphic (4,000-3,000 BC), hieratic (2,500 BC), demotic (700 BC)
d. Illustration: line drawings, often colored
2. Key to the decipherment of hieroglyphic writing: Rosetta Stone - cut 196 BC, discovered 1799
a. Hieroglyphic and demotic writing plus Greek writing
3. Famous examples
a. Earliest surviving papyrus scroll with writing, 2400 BC
b. Books of the Dead, 1900-1250 BC
4. Temple libraries and archives
C. Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria, Asia Minor, Crete
1. Alphabet
a. Theories about the origin of the alphabet
b. Semite - 2,000 BC
c. Phoenician - 1,100 BC
d. Greek - 1,100-900 BC
e. Etruscan - 800 BC
f. Roman - 600 BC
g. Classical Greek - 403 BC
h. General agreement among Mediterranean cultures on left-to-right writing and reading, 600 BC
2. Format
a. Materials:
(1) Animal skins
(2) Papyrus (700 BC)
(3) Clay
(4) Wax tablets used by Romans and Greeks for temporary information, 200 BC
(5) Parchment, 300 AD-
b. Form: rolls, tablets
(1) More than one wax tablet joined by thongs or cords and backed by wood referred to as a codex
c. Script: cuneiform, various
d. Codex, 100 AD but popularly used 300 AD
(1) Papyrus codices, a transitional form
3. Famous examples
a. Dead Sea Scrolls (150 BC - 40 AD): Hebrew and Aramaic documents found as scrolls sealed in ceramic pots near the Dead sea in 1957
D. Libraries
1. Greek
a. Athens
b. Alexandria, 250-230 BC - partially destroyed 47 AD
c. Pergamum
2. Roman
a. Private
b. Public - 28 in 370 AD
A. Format: codex
1. Materials:
a. Vellum
(1) Quill pen in use by 500 AD
b. Paper
2. Script:
a. Majuscule book hand
(1) Square (300-400 AD)
(2) Rustic capitals
(3) Uncials
(4) Semi-uncials (400-800 AD)
b. Mixed uncials and miniscules
c. Miniscules
(1) Carolinian
(2) Gothic
(3) Humanistic
3. Textual arrangement
a. Title in incipit or explicit
b. Paragraphing, punctuation, and word separation
c. Word abbreviation
3. Ornamentation / Illustration
a. Rubrication
b. Illuminated initials
c. Historiated initials
d. Purple vellum, gold and silver inks
e. Ornamental borders
f. Grotesques or drolleries
g. Miniatures
h. Outline drawings
B. Methods of production
1. Monastic scriptoria
2. Commercial shops by guilds of scribes and illuminators
3. Private commissions
C. Contributions
1. Texts of classical and medieval writers
2. Model for the printed book
D. Key variables
1. Christianity as the state religion
2. Translation of the Bible in to Latin (Vulgate)
3. Benedictine Order established
4. Monasteries as book centers and book collectors
5. Roman missionaries in England
6. Irish monasteries in Western Europs
7. Carolinian interest in education
8. Intellectual activity in the 12th century
a. Cathedral schools
9. Crusades
a. Greek texts translated into Latin
b. Papermaking introduced in the Islamic world, 751 AD
E. Subject matter
1. Bible
2. Liturgy
3. Theology
4. Secular topics
F. Famous MSS
1. Vatican Virgil
2. Cicero's De Re Publica
3. Codex Sinaiticus
4. Freer Gospels
5. Vienna Genesis
6. Vienna Dioscorides
G. Celtic MSS
a. Half uncial for formal books
2. Miniscule for less formal books
3. Geometric and zoomorphic ornamentation with figures rendered geometrically
4. Book of Kells (800 AD) the most famous example, housed at Trinity College, Dublin, since 1661
H. England, 6th - 8th centuries
1. Roman influence
2. Celtic influence
3. Famous examples
a. Codez Amiatinus
b. Lindisfarne Gospels, 700 AD
I. Carolinian Kingdoms, 8th - 9th centuries
1. Miniscule script
2. Celtic influence
3. Byzantine influence
4. Kinds of texts
a. Elaborate Gospels and service books
b. Alcuin's revised Bible
c. Latin classics
5. Famous examples
a. Golden Gospels of Charlemagne
b. Utrecht Psalter (850 AD)
c. Golden Gospels of Charles the Bald
6. Libraries
a. Palace school and library at Aachen
b. Alcuin's school and library at Tours
c. Monastic libraries
J. German (Ottonian) Empire, 10th - 11th centuries
1. Byzantine and Italian influences
2. Elaborate service books for emperors and church officials
3. More classics copied in Carolinian script
4. Famous examples
a. Golden Gospels of Henry VIII
b. Gospels of Otto III
K. 12th Century Renaissance
1. Large, regular script becomes Gothic
2. Large historiated initials
3. Architectural backgrounds in miniatures
4. Penwork initials and colored ink drawings
5. Books of the Bible and whole Bibles
6. Famous examples
a. Canterbury or Eadwine's Psalter
b. Winchester Bible
7. Education and libraries
a. Cathedral schools
b. Cistercian foundations and libraries
c. Clunaic foundations and libraries
A. 13th century France and England
1. Key variables
a. Rise of universities
b. Decline of monasteries
c. Dominican and Franciscan Orders
d. Lay readers
e. Vernacular literature
f. Secular bookmakers and organized book trade
g. Building of Gothic cathedrals
2. MSS characteristics
a. Script
(1) Formal Gothic for luxurious books
(2) Rounder, ligatured and abbreviated script for student books and vernacular
b. Illumination
(1) Gothic architectural backgrounds in miniatures
(2) Miniatures resembling stained glass windows
(3) Floral borders from illuminated initials
(4) Drolleries or grotesques on borders
(5) Small miniatures
(6) More graceful and realistic faces and figures
(7) Fore edge painting first used on French psalter manuscript, 1250
c. Typical texts
(1) Mass production of very small Bibles
(2) French romances
(3) Illustrated Psalters
d. Famous examples
(1) Moralized Bible
(2) Roman de Lancelot du Lac
(3) Windmill Psalter
e. Notable libraries
(1) University of Paris
(2) Sorbonne
(3) St. Louis's Library in the Sainte-Chapelle
(4) Matthew Paris and the library at St. Albans
B. 14th - 15th centuries in England, France, and Flanders
1. Patrons of fine bookmaking
a. Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham
b. Charles V, King of France
(1) Established the Bibliotheque Nationale, 1373
c. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
d. Phillip the Good, Duke of Burgundy
2. MSS characteristics
a. Script
(1) Formal Gothic for elaborate Latin service books
(2) Cursive script for popular and vernacular works
b. Illumination
(1) Blue, red, and gold backgrounds
(2) Development of perspective in backgrounds
(3) Illustrations of real people and places
(4) Wide borders with realistic flowers and insects
c. Characteristic texts
(1) Latin texts into vernacular
(2) Mass produced Books of Hours
(3) John Bale compiled the first bibliography in England, 1495
3. Famous English examples
a. Queen Mary's Psalter
b. Tickhill Psalter
c. Ellesmere Chaucer
4. Famous French examples (1455-1484)
a. Belles Heures (Duke of Berry)
b. Tres Riches Heures (Duke of Berry)
C. Italy, 13th - 15th centuries
1. Characteristics of MSS
a. Script
(1) Round Gothic for formal Latin service books
(2) Round cursive for vernacular books
(3) Humanistic for classics
b. Illumination
(1) Miniatures with clear blues and strong reds; strong, sturdy figures
(2) Borders of broad, curling acanthus leaves
(3) White vine interlaced border
c. Characteristic texts
(1) Law books with commentaries
(2) Large choir books
(3) Italian literature
(4) Latin and Greek classics
2. Examples
a. Frederick II. De arte venandi cum avibus
b. Dante. Divina commedia
c. Missal illuminated by Niccolo og Bologna
d. Livy. De secundo bello Punico
3. Patrons of fine bookmaking
a. Petrarch and Boccaccio
b. Cosimo de Medici
c. Nicolas V., Pope
d. Federigo, Duke of Urbino
e. Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary
D. Germany, 13th - 15th centuries
1. Growth of cities and rise of middle class
2. Organized book trade with book fairs
3. Luxury mss for nobility
4. Production of popular works
a. Paper
b. Rapid, highly cursive script
c. Pen and ink illustration tinted with water color
5. Famous examples
a. Berthold Missal
b. Codex Manesse
c. Ulrich von Richental's Chronicles of Constance
E. Gradual development of mechanical aids to illustration
1. Stamps or stencils of ornamental initials
2. Pouncing to duplicate miniatures
3. Woodblock illustrations stamped or pasted in
4. First xylographic books produced in Germany and Holland, 1430
A. Paper
1. First paper made in China from suspension of macerated hemp fibers and water, 150 BC
a. Chinese history records that papermaking was invented by Ts'ai Lun in the court of Ho'ti in Lei-yang, China in 105 AD
b. Chinese characters invented in 2700 BC
c. True felt made by Greeks in 900 BC
d. First use of seals for writing in 255 BC
e. Camel hair brush invented in 250 BC
f. Chinese cut classics in stone in 175 AD
g. Paper accepted as common writing material by 300 AD
h. Chinese invent true ink from lamp black
i. First woodblock printed book in China in 868 AD
2. Materials and production
3. Spread westward
a. Arabic world
(1) Samarkand before 750 AD
(2) Baghdad 793 AD
(3) Damascus and Cairo about 950 AD
(4) Morocco 1100
(5) Spain 1150s (1st stamping mill in 1151)
b. Christian Europe
(1) Sicily 1102
(2) Italy 1276
(3) France 1348
(4) Germany 1390
(5) England 1494
(6) Widespread use of paper 1450-1455
c. North America
(1) Mexico 1575
(2) Philadelphia 1690
4. Influence on Islamic culture
5. Christian prejudice
6. Watermarks
a. First use of watermarks in Tuscany at Fabriano Mills, 1276
7. Standard sizes
8. Sizing
a. First European use of animal sizing for paper
B. Block printing in the Far East
1. Technique
2. Book formats
a. Scrolls
b. Cylinders
c. Accordian-shaped sutras
2. Examples
a. Buddhist charms of 770 AD
b. Diamond Sutra of 868 AD
C. Printing with movable type in the Far East
1. China
a. Earthenware types 1040s
b. Tin type 1100 AD
c. Wooden type 1314 AD
2. Korea
a. Metal foundry type 1403
b. Metal type used in books 1403-1434
D. Possible migration of block prints to Europe
1. Playing cards
2. Printed textiles
E. Xylography
1. Playing cards
2. Religious images
a. Earliest dated woodcut 1418 AD
b. Block printing begins to flourish
3. Illustrations in mss
4. Block books
a. Ars Moriendi
b. Biblia Pauperum
c. Kalendar of Johann Muller
A. Social and economic environment
B. Technology
1. Agriculture
2. Transportation
3. Industry
C. Materials and processes available
1. Paper
2. Thick ink
3. Screw presses
4. Metal punches
5. Metal casting using molds
6. Block printing
D. Major problems to be overcome
1. Accurate type, easily assembled and distributed
2. Holding type together firmly
3. Even impression of all letters
E. Printing
1. Type-making
a. Punches and counter punches
b. Matrix
c. Casting
2. Setting up copy
3. Locking up type
4. Inking
5. Pressure applied
6. Registration
F. Early printers
1. Rival claimants to invention
2. Gutenberg (1399-1468), Fust, and Schoeffer
G. Early examples
1. Constance Missal 1450
2. Letters of Indulgence 1454
3. Fragments of Donatus 1447
4. Gutenberg 42 line Bible 1456
5. Gutenberg 36 line Bible 1458
6. Fust and Schoeffer Psalter - 1st book with printer's name, 1st printed colophon, and date and 1st book printed in color - 1457
7. Music printing using movable type invented by Ottaviano Petrucci of Venice, 1498
8. First use of Francescop Griffo's "Italic" type by Manutius, 1501
H. Influence of mss books on printed books
1. Type design
2. Decoration
3. Reaction of scribes and illuminators
I. Advantages of printed texts and illustrations
1. Quantity
2. Cost
3. Legibility
4. Accuracy
5. Identical copies
A. Notable 15th century printers
1. Italy
a. Conrad Swenyheym and Arnold Pannartz, Subiaco, 1464 - 1st use of Roman type 1465
b. John and Wendolin de Spira
c. Nicolas Jenson, Venice, 1470
d. Erhard Ratdolt, Venice, 1474
e. Alsus Manutius, Venice, 1495
2. Germany
a. Peter Schoeffer - 1st printer's device 1462, 1st separate title page 1463, and 1st use of Greek type 1465
b. Albrecht Fister, Bamber, 1460 - 1st subject illustrated in a printed book by woodcut
c. Ulrich Zell
d. Gunther Zainer, Augsburg, 1468
e. Anton Koberger, Nuremberg, 1470
3. England
a. William Caxton, Bruges, 1475
b. Caxton, Westminster, 1477 - 1st illustrated book in England 1481
c. Wynkyn de Worde, Westminster, 1495 - 1st to use Greek type 1517
B. Printer's marks
C. Subject matter
1. Bible and theology, liturgical books, partiristic literature and saint's lives
2. Latin and Greek literature
3. Medieval romance
4. Canon and civil law
5. History and geography
6. Science and technology
D. Book illustration
1. Hand illumination in printed texts
2. Woodcut initials and borders
3. Printed illustrations
a. Woodcut
b. Metal relief block
c. Copper engraving
d. Illumination models
e. Recycling blocks in same and different books
f. Color printing - Mainz Psalter is earliest example, 1457
g. Drypoint engraving, 1465 - most famous as the technique favored by Rembrandt
h. Etching, 1493 - earliest examples by Daniel Hopfer, also later used by Rembrandt
4. Famous examples
a. Germany
(1) Boner's Edelstein by Pfister
(2) Cologne Bible by Quentell
(3) Ptolemy's Cosmographia by Holm
(4) Breydenachi's Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam by Reuwich
(5) Nuremberg Chronicles by Koberger
(6) Lubeck Bible by Arndes
(7) Brant's Narrenschiff by von Olpe
(8) Terence's Comedies by Gruninger
(9) Durer's Apocalypse
b. Italy
(1) Torquemada's Meditationes by Hahn
(2) Valturius's De re Militari by John of Verona
(3) Bettini's Monte Sancto di Dio by Laurentii
(4) Dante's Divina Commedia by Laurentii
(5) Euclid's Elementa by Ratdolt
(6) Rancesco Collonna's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili by Aldus
(7) Il Monte Sancto di Dio, Florence - 1st book with intalgio illustrations, 1477
c. France
(1) Danse Macabre by Marchant
(2) Books of hours by Verard and Vostre
d. England
(1) Myrrour of the World by Caxton
(2) Canterbury Tales by Caxton
(3) Higden's Polychronicon by Wynkyn de Worde
E. Impact of printed books
1. Dissemination of ideas
2. Literacy
3. Censorship
4. Libraries
A. Charactericstics
1. Excellence in printing
2. Printed book decoration triumphs
3. Printing and publishing divide
B. Important contributions
1. Italy, Aldine family--classics, 1st use of italic type, small format, 1495
2. France
a. Roman type over Gothic
b. Estienne family of scholar printers, 1504
c. Geofroy Tory--type design, printing, woodcut artist
d. Claude Garamond--type design, 1544
3. Netherlands--Christopher Plantin
4. Germany
a. Erasmus-Froben-Holbein in Basle
b. Fraktur type developed
c. Martin Luther publishes in Wittenberg in 1516
(1) Forbidden to print by the Church in 1520
(2) Translation of the NT with woodcuts published in 1522, printed by Melchior Lotter
(3) First complete, illustrated Luther translation printed by Hans Lufft at Wittenberg, 1534
d. Shoeffer at Worms publishes 1st English NT
e. First paper glazing hammer in 1540
f. Frankfurt Bookfair, 1534
g. Leipzig Bookfair, 1594
5. England
a. John Day
b. University presses at Oxford (1478) and Cambridge
c. Stationers' Company
6. Belgium, Christophe Plantin--printed Polygot Bible (eight volumes) between 1569 and 1572 for Philip II of Spain
C. Missionaries spread printing
1. India 1556
2. China 1589
3. Japan 1591
4. Philippines 1593
D. Book illustration
1. Woodcut borders
2. Rise and decline of woodcut illustrations
3. Rise of copper engravings for scientific works and maps
4. Famous examples
a. Theuerdank illustrated by Burgkmair
b. Dance of Death illustrated by Holbein
c. Vesalius's Anatomy
d. Amman's Book of Trades
e. Books of Hours illustrated by Tory
E. Book production and libraries
1. Reformation
2. Dissolution of monasteries
3. Peasant's War in Germany
4. War of Huguenots in France
5. Censorship
6. Philip II of Spain and the Escorial
7. Austrian National Library established
A. Characteristics
1. Flowering of literature in many disciplines
2. Scholarly/scientific societies established
3. Development of newspapers and periodicals
4. Physical book characteristics
a. Decline of printing standards
b. Luxury editions for affluent collectors
c. Crowded title pages
d. Engraved title pages
e. Head and tail pieces by wood blocks
5. Invention of Mezzotint by Ludwig von Siegen, 1642
B. Netherlands
1. Plantin-Moretus press
2. Elzevir family and their pocket editions
3. Blaeu and Honeius maps and atlases
4. Reubens contributes to book ornamentation
5. International character of book trade and printing
C. France
1. Cardinal Richelieu establishes the Imprimerie Royale
D. England
1. Star Chamber decree
2. University presses
3. Milton and Areopagitica
4. Joseph Moxon and Mechanick Exercises
E. Noted collections
1. Cardinal Mazarin's library in Paris
2. Thomas Bodley and Oxford
3. Ambrosian Library in Milan
4. Vatican Library
5. Royal Library in England
A. Characteristics of physical books
1. Development of modern type face
2. Invention of wove paper
3. Revival of classicism in page layout
4. Introduction of wood engraving (Bewick)
5. Invention of Lithography by Senefelder in 1796
6. Last important illuminated mss in 1723
B. England
1. William Caslon, type founder
2. John Baskerville, printer and type designer
3. Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill Press
4. John Newbery, publisher of children's books
5. Copyright Act of Queen Anne, 1709
6. Oxford Univeristy and the Earl of Clarendon
7. Jakob Christof Le Blon produces 1st multi-colored engraving using 4 colored plates, 1702
8. William Blake's engravings
9. Periodical publishing
C. France
1. Fournier family
2. Didot family
3. Copper engraving
4. Aquatint process invented by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince, 1734
D. Italy--Giambattista Bodini, printer and punchcutter
E. Spain--Joachim Ibarra
F. Libraries
1. British Museum, 1753
a. Royal Library
b. Sloane collection
c. Cotton collection
d. Harley collection
2. Prussian State Library, Berlin
3. French Revolution and libraries
4. Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg
A. Cambridge Press
1. The Daye's and the Bay Psalm Book, 1640
2. Green (first American Bible in 1661), Johnson, and Eliot's Indian Bible
B. Spread of printing
1. Boston, John Foster, 1675
2. Philadelphia, William Bradford, 1685
3. New York, William Bradford, 1693
4. Paper mill in Pennsylvania, 1690
C. Material printed
1. Almanacs
2. Religious material
3. Official publications
D. 18th century
1. Rapid spread of printing presses
2. Increased diversity of printed matter
3. Growth of periodical publishing
4. Growing independence for material and equipment
5. American Revolution and book production
6. Copyright, 1790
E. Important 18th century printers
1. Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790
2. John Peter Zenger and Freedom of the press, 1734
3. Isaiah Thomas, publisher and historian of printing, 1749-1831
4. Matthew Carey, printer and publisher, 1760-1831
A. Paper
1. Fourdrinier machine
a. First Fourdrinier machine in U.S., 1827
2. Wood pulp process, 1854
a. Wood used for the first time for making paper in 1843
B. Printing press
1. First mechanical platen press, 1811
2. First cylinder press, Friedrich Konig, 1812
3. London Times uses first newspaper twin cylinder printing press, 1814
4. First perfecting press prints on both sides of paper before delivery, 1816
5. Invention of embossed printing for the blind by Louis Braille, 1829
6. Drum cylinder press by R. Hoe, 1830
7. First successful cylinder machine for lithographic printing, 1851
8. Rotary web-fed letterpress machine invented by William Bulock, 1863
9. First newspaper printed on rotary press using stereotyped plates on both sides of the sheet from a continuous roll of paper, 1865
10. Electric power first used for driving newspaper presses
C. Plate-making
1. Stereotyping, 1800
a. Cowper invents curved stereotype plates to fit around cylinder for rotary printing, 1816
b. Paper mache plates, 1829
2. Monotype
D. Typecasting and Type-setting machines
1. Typecasting machine invented by Frederick Wicks of Glasgow, 1878
2. Linotype, 1885
a. Linotype invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, from Hachtel Germany, 1884
3. Monotype, 1887
a. Monotype type-setting invented by Tolbert Lanston, 1844
4. Earliest photo type-setting machine, 1925
a. First major publisher to use film composition, 1946
E. Photographic technology
1. Relief process
a. Line engraving
b. Halftone engraving, 1881
2. Intaglio process
a. Photogravure, 1879
b. Rotogravure, 1894
3. George Baxter patents letterpress process for color printing (combination of intaglio and relief printing), 1804
4. Planographic process
a. Photolithography
(1) First use of offset lithographic printing
b. Photography invented by Joseph Niepce, 1765
c. Daguerreotype invented by Louis Jacq. Mande Daguerre, 1787
d. Collotype, 1854
e. Offset
F. Binding
1. Cloth
a. Buckram first used for bookcovers, 1860
2. Casing-in process
3. Mechanization of steps in binding process
a. Invention of sewing machine by Philip Watt of London, 1832
b. First folding machine, 1850
c. Smyth thread sewing machine, 1867
d. Bookbinders case making machine, 1000 cases per hour, 1893
e. Sheridan perfect binder, 1911
f. Spiral wire binding, 1924
G. Mechanization
1. Physical book
a. Appearance
b. Durability
2. Mass production and distribution
a. The first paperbacks by Tauchnitz Verlag, Germany, 1841
b. Literacy spreads
3. The decorative book jacket
4. Copyright
5. Less expensive books
A. England
1. Pre-Morris
a. Charles Whittinghams and the Chiswick Press
b. William Pickering, publisher
c. Caslon type revival
d. Arts and Craft Exhibition Society
e. Reaction against the machine
2. William Morris and the Kelmscott Press, 1891-1935
a. Types
(1) Golden roman
(2) Troy Gothic
(3) Chaucer Gothic
b. Woodcut borders, initials and illustrations
c. Influence at home and abroad
3. Other private presses
a. Major presses
(1) George Clymer, Columbian Press, 1817
(2) St. John Hornby and the Ashendene Press, 1895-1935
(3) Cobern-Sanderson, Walker and the Doves Press, 1901-16
b. Minor presses
(1) Pissaro and the Eragny Press, 1896-1914
(2) Ricketts and the Vale Press, 1896-1904
(3) Ashby and the Essex House Press, 1898-1910
B. United States
1. Pre-Morris
a. Theodore Low De Vinne, 1828-1912
b. Walter Gilliss, 1855-1925
2. Post-Morris
a. Will Bradley
b. Elbert Hubbard and the Roycroft Press
c. Clarke Conwell and the Elston Press
3. Library of Congress founded in Washington, D.C., 1800
C. Book illustration
1. Steel engraving
2. Wide use of lithography and wood engraving
3. Colored illustrations popular
4. Illustrated periodicals
5. Impact of photography
A. England
1. Outstanding presses
a. Curwen Press of Oliver Simon
b. Golden Cockerel Press of Taylor and Gibbings
c. Nonesuch Press of the Maynells
2. Larger firms
a. Oxford University Press
b. Cambridge University Press
c. London Monotype Corporation
3. Type designers and typographers
a. Graily Hewitt
b. Eric Gill
c. Stanley Morrison
B. Germany
1. 1914 Leipzig Book Exhibition
2. Outstanding presses
a. Bemer Press
b. Cranach Press
c. Insel Verlag
3. Type designers
a. Rudolf Koch
b. E.R. Weiss
c. Hermann Zapf, book and type designer, 1918
C. United States
1. Leading figures
a. Daniel B. Updike, printer, Merrymount Press
b. Frederic W. Goudy, type designer and printer, Village Press, 1865
c. Bruce Rogers, type designer
d. Dard Hunter, leading authority on papermaking
2. Outstanding presses
a. Heritage Press of George Macy
b. Lakeside Press of William A. Kittredge
c. Peter Pauper Press of the Beilensons
d. Spiral Press of Joseph Blumenthal
3. Larger firms
a. Alfred A. Knopf
b. Random House
c. Viking Press