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~Housing Issues~

IMPORTANT: READ THIS FIRST

The laws governing the rights of tenants and landlords in Tennessee are not entirely uniform. Depending upon the county in which you live, certain laws or regulations may or may not apply to you. In Tennessee, the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act applies to 10 counties: Anderson, Blount, Bradley, Davidson, Hamilton, Knox, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Sumner. If you are seeking information on renting a house or apartment in any of these 10 counties, the information contained in SECTION 1 applies to you. If you are seeking information on renting a house, apartment, or mobile home outside of these 10 counties, the information contained in SECTION 1 does not apply to you. SECTION 2 applies if you are seeking information on renting a house or apartment outside of these 10 counties.

Note: This information is not a substitution for professional legal advice and is not intended to cover all situations. If you have a question about renting a house or apartment which is not answered in this information, you should contact your local legal aid office or a private attorney. Changes in the law could make this information incorrect in the future.

 


SECTION 1

(COVERING ONLY ANDERSON, BLOUNT, BRADLEY, DAVIDSON, HAMILTON, KNOX, MADISON, MONTGOMERY, SHELBY, & SUMNER COUNTIES)

DO I NEED A WRITTEN LEASE?
WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING IN?
DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO RETURN MY SECURITY DEPOSIT WHEN I MOVE OUT?
WHAT DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO DO?
WHAT IS THE LANDLORD FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?
WHAT DOES THE TENANT HAVE TO DO?
WHAT IS THE TENANT FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?
WHAT CAN THE LANDLORD DO IF THE TENANT BREAKS THE LEASE?
WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING OUT?


DO I NEED A WRITTEN LEASE?

No. You can rent a house or apartment based upon either a written lease or verbal agreement. Both are binding on the landlord and the tenant (you). However, there are advantages to a written lease.

Generally, if you have a verbal agreement, you rent from "month-to-month." Under a month-to-month lease, even if the tenant pays rent on time and there are no problems, the landlord can break the lease at any time simply by giving advance notice. (Note: if your written lease has expired, and you have not signed a new lease, you have a month-to-month lease.) With a verbal agreement, the landlord can also raise your rent if he gives you 30 days advance notice.

A written lease can last for a longer period than one month. A written lease protects the tenant from being forced to move on short notice and also allows the rent to be fixed at a particular price for the amount of time stated in the lease.

In addition, a verbal agreement is only as good as the memories of the people who make it. If the landlord and the tenant have a dispute about the terms of the rent, it may be difficult to show what the agreement actually was. If the agreement is in writing, either person can look to the paper to see what both persons agreed to do.

Before signing a lease, always read the lease very carefully. And always obtain a copy of the signed lease for your records. By law, the rental agreement cannot provide that you waive your rights or remedies under the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act.

If you decide not to obtain a written lease, take a friend with you when you make the agreement with the landlord so that you will have a witness to the terms of your rental agreement.

WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING IN?

Always inspect the property before you pay rent, or a deposit, and before you move in. Look for anything that is wrong with the property (broken glass, stains or tears, holes in the walls or floor, scratches on the doors or woodwork, missing light fixtures, condition of the appliances and furniture, etc.). It is best if the landlord can go with you when you inspect the property. Write out a list of all the defects, and have your landlord sign and date the list. If you have a camera, take pictures of the property before you move in. Doing these things will help prevent disagreements between you and the landlord over who is responsible for any damage to the property.

If the landlord requires a security deposit, get a receipt for the security deposit with the date, the amount of the deposit, and the words "security deposit" or "damage deposit" written on the receipt. If you move out and do not owe rent, have not damaged the property, have not broken the lease, and if the lease does not state otherwise, the landlord must return the whole security deposit to you. If there is a written lease, the lease will say when the landlord can keep the security deposit. However, the landlord cannot keep the security deposit to pay for ordinary wear and tear on the rental property.

When you inspect the property, note all repairs that need to be made. (Do all of the lights and electrical outlets work? Do the heat and air conditioning work? Do the doors and windows open like they should?) Ask the landlord to make the repairs. If the landlord agrees to make the repairs, get the agreement in writing and include a date by when the repairs must be completed. If the landlord agrees to let you make repairs in exchange for rent, get the agreement in writing, dated and signed by the landlord. Keep all receipts for materials and supplies.

If utilities (water, electricity, gas, and sewer) are included in the rent, make sure that they will be turned on before you move in. If they are not part of the rent, make sure that you can afford any security deposits required for the utilities before paying the rent and security deposit to the landlord. To avoid future problems, you should either have the utilities in your name or have the utilities included as a fixed amount in the rent.

Also, while your are renting it is a good idea to keep a calendar of anything important concerning the rental property – such as when you paid the rent, when you talked to the landlord about repairs, what the landlord promised, etc. Keep a file or envelope with rent receipts, a copy of the signed lease, receipts for repairs, letters to or from the landlord, and anything else relating to your rental property, in case you ever have to go to court.

DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO RETURN MY SECURITY DEPOSIT WHEN I MOVE OUT?

The purpose of the security deposit is to protect the landlord if the tenant damages the rental property. However, the landlord cannot keep the security deposit to pay for ordinary wear and tear on the rental property. Ordinary wear and tear means damage that occurs naturally from living in a house or apartment, such as fingerprints on the wall around a light switch. Whereas, crayon marks on the walls would not be ordinary wear and tear.

The landlord is required to keep the security deposit in a separate bank account and inform you of the name of the bank where the account is held. When you move out, the landlord must return all of the security deposit which he does not use to pay for damages to the rental property. The landlord must give you an itemized list of the damages which he pays for from the security deposit. If the landlord does not keep the security deposit in a separate account and if the landlord does not provide you with an itemized list of the damages, the landlord must return the entire security deposit to you.

You must give the landlord a forwarding address when you move out, so that the landlord will know where to send the security deposit. If you move out without owing any rent, the landlord must send you a notice of the amount of the security deposit which will be returned to you. If you do not respond within 60 days from the date the notice is sent, the landlord may keep all of the security deposit.

If you move out and owe rent, you must request the return of the security deposit within 30 days of moving out. If you fail to do so, the landlord may apply the security deposit to the rent owed.

If the landlord does not return a security deposit which you should receive, you may sue the landlord in court.

WHAT DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO DO?

The landlord must give you exclusive possession of the property you rent. This means that the landlord cannot come on the rental property without your permission, unless it is to make emergency repairs. The landlord must give you the property in a safe and clean condition. The landlord must give you access to all utilities (the landlord can require that you have the utilities turned on in your name). The landlord must make necessary repairs to the property within a reasonable time of being notified that the repairs are needed. (Note: if you withhold your rent in order to get your landlord to make repairs, it may backfire on you. He may try to evict you for non-payment of rent. It is always a good idea to seek professional legal advice before withholding rent.)

If you live in an apartment building, the landlord must keep all common areas safe and clean, and must provide a dumpster or other location to place garbage.

WHAT IS THE LANDLORD FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?

The landlord cannot bother or harass you. The landlord cannot come into the rental property without giving you advance notice, unless there is an emergency (broken pipe, dangerous electrical problem, storm damage, etc.). The landlord cannot charge you a late fee for a late rent payment unless the rent payment was more than 5 days late. In addition, late fees for late rent payments cannot exceed 10% of the amount of the rent past due.

The landlord cannot turn off your utilities while you are living in the rental property. This is true even if you are behind in rent. The landlord cannot lock you out of the rental property or remove your belongings from the rental property without first obtaining a court order to do so. If the landlord deliberately locks you out of the rental property or turns off utility service, you can immediately get a court order requiring the landlord to allow you into the rental property or to turn on the utilities. You can also break the lease and move out without advance notice. You can also sue the landlord for damages caused by the landlord’s actions.

The landlord cannot retaliate against you for exercising your rights under the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act or because you complained to the landlord about a violation regarding your security deposit.

The landlord cannot threaten to accuse you of a crime (i) to injure you or (ii) to unlawfully restrict your freedom of action or (iii) to gain an advantage over you or (iv) to obtain your property. If the landlord does threaten to accuse you of a crime to injure your or to gain an advantage over you, you can sue the landlord for the crime of extortion. The landlord’s threat is still extortion even if the landlord threatens to accuse you of a crime that you have actually committed. Extortion is punishable by 2 to 12 years in prison and up to a $5,000 fine.

WHAT DOES THE TENANT HAVE TO DO?

The tenant (you) must pay rent on time. (Every time that you pay rent in cash, get a written receipt from the landlord that includes the rent amount and the date or have someone with you who can witness the rent payment.) The tenant must keep the rental property clean and safe. The tenant must obey any written rules that are a part of the lease or rental agreement. The tenant must allow the landlord to come into the rental property to make emergency repairs without notice. The tenant must allow the landlord to come into the rental property to inspect the property, to make non-emergency repairs, or to show the property to a potential new tenant if the landlord gives notice in advance of coming. The tenant must give the landlord notice if he/she plans to stay away from the rental property for more than 7 consecutive days. If the tenant decides to move out, the tenant must give the landlord advance notice (30 days advance notice if the rental agreement is month-to-month; 10 days advance notice if the rental agreement is week-to-week).

WHAT IS THE TENANT FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?

The tenant (you) cannot do anything on the rental property that would be a criminal act. The tenant cannot do anything that would create a risk to the health or safety of other tenants. The tenant cannot destroy any part of the rental property. The tenant cannot use the rental property for any sort of business without the landlord’s approval. The tennant cannot move out of the rental property without first giving the landlord advance notice (30 days advance notice if the rental agreement is month-to-month; 10 days advance notice if the rental agreement is week-to-week).

WHAT CAN THE LANDLORD DO IF THE TENANT BREAKS THE LEASE?

The tenant breaks the lease by not paying rent on time or by doing any of the things that a tenant is forbidden to do. If the tenant breaks the lease, the landlord can evict the tenant. In most cases, the landlord must give the tenant written notice to vacate the rental property before the landlord can go to court (30 days advance notice if the rental agreement is month-to-month; 10 days advance notice if the rental agreement is week-to-week; 30 days advance notice if there is a written lease – EXCEPTION: if the written lease states that the tenant waives notice to vacate for not paying rent, and the tenant does not pay rent on time, the landlord does not need to give any notice before going to court).

If the tenant does something that creates an immediate risk to the health or safety of other tenants, or if the tenant does something that creates an immediate risk of damage to the rental property, the landlord must give only 3 days notice before going to court.

If the tenant does not move out at the end of the notice period, the landlord can go to court and take out a Detainer Warrant against the tenant. The Detainer Warrant is a civil lawsuit in which the landlord asks the court to give the landlord possession of the rental property and money for any damages caused by the tenant. The tenant will receive a notice form the court stating the date a hearing will be held. At the hearing, the tenant can argue that he/she should not be evicted because he/she did not break the lease. If the tenant wins, the Detainer Warrant will be dismissed and the tenant can continue to live in the rental property. If the tenant loses, the court will order the tenant to move out of the rental property within 10 days. The court may also order the tenant to pay court costs and to pay the landlord’s attorney fees. Finally, the court may order the tenant to pay any damages or back rent owed by the tenant.

If the tenant does not move out within 10 days after the court orders the tenant to move, the landlord can have the sheriff come and remove the tenant’s belongings from the rental property.

WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING OUT?

Unless the lease states otherwise, the tenant must give the landlord written notice before the tenant moves out (30 days advance notice if the rental agreement is month-to-month; 10 days advance notice if the rental agreement is week-to-week). Always keep a copy of the notice for your records.

Give the landlord a forwarding address where the security deposit can be sent. If possible, you should try to be there when the landlord inspects the property for damage. You should also get a copy of the landlord’s list of damages. You and the landlord should try to agree on the reasonable cost of any repairs.

If the landlord cannot inspect the rental property while your are there, you should conduct your own inspection. Get a friend to be there with you while you inspect the property, make your own list of damages, and take pictures of the property.

On the day that you move out, return the keys to the landlord. Get a signed and dated receipt from the landlord stating that you returned the keys. Turn off the utilities that are in your name by calling the utility company yourself.

 

* * * * *

SECTION 2

(COVERING ALL OTHER COUNTIES IN TENNESSEE, INCLUDING: CAMPBELL, HAMBLEN, LOUDON, SEVIER, & UNION COUNTIES)

DO I NEED A WRITTEN LEASE?
WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING IN?
DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO RETURN MY SECURITY DEPOSIT WHEN I MOVE OUT?
WHAT DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO DO?
WHAT IS THE LANDLORD FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?
WHAT DOES THE TENANT HAVE TO DO?
WHAT IS THE TENANT FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?
WHAT CAN THE LANDLORD DO IF THE TENANT BREAKS THE LEASE?
WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING OUT?


DO I NEED A WRITTEN LEASE?

No. You can rent a house or apartment based upon either a written lease or verbal agreement. Both are binding on the landlord and the tenant (you). However, there are advantages to a written lease.

A written lease can last for any length of time (a week, month, year, or multiple years). A written lease protects the tenant from being forced to move on short notice and also allows the rent to be fixed at a particular price for the amount of time stated in the lease.

Generally, if you have a verbal agreement or if you have a written lease which does not state how long your lease lasts, you rent from "month-to-month." (Note: if your written lease has expired, and you have not signed a new lease, you have a month-to-month lease.) Under a month-to-month lease, even if the tenant pays rent on time and there are no problems, the landlord can break the lease and evict the tenant at any time simply by giving advance notice and following the appropriate court procedures. With a verbal agreement, the landlord can also raise your rent if he gives you advance notice. Here, advance notice is the same amount of time as between rent payments. For example, if you pay rent once per month, the landlord must give you a month’s notice before raising your rent.

In addition, a verbal agreement is only as good as the memories of the people who make it. If the landlord and the tenant have a dispute about the terms of the rent, it may be difficult to show what the agreement actually was. If the agreement is in writing, either person can look to the paper to see what both persons agreed to do.

Before signing a lease, always read the lease very carefully. And always obtain a copy of the signed lease for your records.

If you decide not to obtain a written lease, take a friend with you when you make the agreement with the landlord so that you will have a witness to the terms of your rental agreement.

WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING IN?

Always inspect the property before you pay rent, or a deposit, and before you move in. Look for anything that is wrong with the property (broken glass, stains or tears, holes in the walls or floor, scratches on the doors or woodwork, missing light fixtures, condition of the appliances and furniture, etc.). It is best if the landlord can go with you when you inspect the property. Write out a list of all the defects, and have your landlord sign and date the list. If you have a camera, take pictures of the property before you move in. Doing these things will help prevent disagreements between you and the landlord over who is responsible for any damage to the property.

If the landlord requires a security deposit, get a receipt for the security deposit with the date, the amount of the deposit, and the words "security deposit" or "damage deposit" written on the receipt. If you move out and do not owe rent, have not damaged the property, have not broken the lease, and if the lease does not state otherwise, the landlord must return the whole security deposit to you. If there is a written lease, the lease will say when the landlord can keep the security deposit. However, the landlord cannot keep the security deposit to pay for ordinary wear and tear on the rental property.

When you inspect the property, note all repairs that need to be made. (Do all of the lights and electrical outlets work? Do the heat and air conditioning work? Do the doors and windows open like they should?) Ask the landlord to make the repairs. If the landlord agrees to make the repairs, get the agreement in writing and include a date by when the repairs must be completed. If the landlord agrees to let you make repairs in exchange for rent, get the agreement in writing, dated and signed by the landlord. Keep all receipts for materials and supplies.

If utilities (water, electricity, gas, and sewer) are included in the rent, make sure that they will be turned on before you move in. If they are not part of the rent, make sure that you can afford any security deposits required for the utilities before paying the rent and security deposit to the landlord. To avoid future problems, you should either have the utilities in your name or have the utilities included as a fixed amount in the rent.

Also, while your are renting it is a good idea to keep a calendar of anything important concerning the rental property – such as when you paid the rent, when you talked to the landlord about repairs, what the landlord promised, etc. Keep a file or envelope with rent receipts, a copy of the signed lease, receipts for repairs, letters to or from the landlord, and anything else relating to your rental property, in case you ever have to go to court.

DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO RETURN MY SECURITY DEPOSIT WHEN I MOVE OUT?

A landlord can require a security deposit in any amount. The purpose of the security deposit is to protect the landlord if the tenant damages the rental property. However, the landlord cannot keep the security deposit to pay for ordinary "wear and tear" on the rental property. Ordinary wear and tear means damage that occurs naturally from living in a house or apartment, such as fingerprints on the wall around a light switch. Whereas, crayon marks on the walls would not be ordinary wear and tear.

One of the most common problems between landlords and tenants is over security deposits when the tenant moves out of the rental property. To help avoid this problem, follow all of the steps listed in the section titled WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING IN?, and always carefully read your lease to know when the landlord can keep your security deposit.

If the landlord keeps your security deposit and you have not damaged the rental property, you may sue the landlord in court to get your deposit back.

WHAT DOES THE LANDLORD HAVE TO DO?

The landlord must give you exclusive possession of the property you rent. This means that the landlord cannot come on the rental property without your permission, unless it is to make emergency repairs. The landlord must give you access to all utilities (the landlord can require that you have the utilities turned on in your name). The landlord must give you the rental property in a safe and clean condition. This means, for example, that the plumbing must work, the electrical wiring must be safe, and that any appliances that the landlord is supposed to provide must be kept in good working order. In addition, the landlord must make necessary repairs to the property within a reasonable time of being notified that the repairs are needed. After making a verbal request for repairs, it is often a good idea to follow up by making a request in writing - and keep a copy for your records.

If after making repeated requests the landlord continues not to make the repairs, you may contact the local building inspector, the local health inspector, or the local fire marshal. If the inspector finds that the landlord is violating the law, the landlord can be required to make the needed repairs. The landlord cannot retaliate against you for calling the inspector. (Note: if you withhold your rent in order to get your landlord to make repairs, it may backfire on you. He may try to evict you for non-payment of rent. It is always a good idea to seek professional legal advice before withholding rent.)

WHAT IS THE LANDLORD FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?

The landlord cannot bother or harass you. The landlord cannot come into the rental property without giving you advance notice, unless there is an emergency (broken pipe, dangerous electrical problem, storm damage, etc.) or the lease says that the landlord can. The landlord may place a paragraph in your lease stating that he can come into your rental property at any time. You should demand that the landlord place a "notice" requirement in the lease. The "notice" paragraph should state that the landlord must give you at least 24 hours advance notice before entering the rental property and that the landlord may only do so at reasonable times of the day.

The landlord cannot turn off your utilities while you are living in the rental property. This is true even if you are behind in rent. The landlord cannot lock you out of the rental property or remove your belongings from the rental property without first obtaining a court order to do so. If the landlord deliberately locks you out of the rental property or turns off utility service, you can immediately get a court order requiring the landlord to allow you into the rental property or to turn on the utilities. You can also sue the landlord for damages caused by the landlord’s actions.

The landlord cannot threaten to accuse you of a crime (i) to injure you or (ii) to unlawfully restrict your freedom of action or (iii) to gain an advantage over you or (iv) to obtain your property. If the landlord does threaten to accuse you of a crime to injure your or to gain an advantage over you, you can sue the landlord for the crime of extortion. The landlord’s threat is still extortion even if the landlord threatens to accuse you of a crime that you have actually committed. Extortion is punishable by 2 to 12 years in prison and up to a $5,000 fine.

WHAT DOES THE TENANT HAVE TO DO?

The tenant (you) must pay rent on time. If you do not, the landlord may evict you. (Every time that you pay rent in cash, get a written receipt from the landlord that includes the rent amount and the date or have someone with you who can witness the rent payment.) The tenant must keep the rental property clean and safe. The tenant must obey any written rules that are a part of the lease or rental agreement. The tenant must allow the landlord to come into the rental property to make emergency repairs without notice. The tenant must allow the landlord to come into the rental property to inspect the property, to make non-emergency repairs, or to show the property to a potential new tenant if the landlord gives notice in advance of coming.

WHAT IS THE TENANT FORBIDDEN FROM DOING?

The tenant (you) cannot do anything on the rental property that would be a criminal act. The tenant cannot do anything that would create a risk to the health or safety of other tenants. The tenant cannot destroy any part of the rental property. If you do damage the rental property, you must pay to have it repaired.

WHAT CAN THE LANDLORD DO IF THE TENANT BREAKS THE LEASE?

The tenant breaks the lease by not paying rent on time or by doing any of the things that a tenant is forbidden to do. If the tenant breaks the lease, the landlord can evict the tenant. In most cases, the landlord must give the tenant advance notice to vacate the rental property before the landlord can go to court. (Note: if you do not have a written lease, the landlord can evict you at any time, as long as the landlord gives you the right notice and follows the appropriate court procedures.) Advance notice is the same amount of time as between rent payments. For example, if you pay rent once per month, the landlord must give you a month’s notice before requiring you to vacate the property.

If the tenant does not move out at the end of the notice period, the landlord can go to court and take out a Detainer Warrant against the tenant. The Detainer Warrant is a civil lawsuit in which the landlord asks the court to give the landlord possession of the rental property and money for any damages caused by the tenant. The tenant will receive a notice form the court stating the date a hearing will be held. At the hearing, the tenant can argue that he/she should not be evicted because he/she did not break the lease. If the tenant wins, the Detainer Warrant will be dismissed and the tenant can continue to live in the rental property. If the tenant loses, the court will order the tenant to move out of the rental property within 10 days. The court may also order the tenant to pay court costs and to pay the landlord’s attorney fees. Finally, the court may order the tenant to pay any damages or back rent owed by the tenant.

If the tenant does not move out within 10 days after the court orders the tenant to move, the landlord can have the sheriff come and remove the tenant’s belongings from the rental property.

A landlord cannot keep a tenant’s property to pay for unpaid rent or damage to the rental property unless the lease says that the landlord can do this or the court says that the landlord can do so. If the lease says that the landlord can keep your property, you should demand that it be taken out before you sign the lease. Your security deposit should cover any damages that you cause to the rental property or any rent that you fail to pay.

WHAT SHOULD I DO BEFORE MOVING OUT?

The tenant must give the landlord written notice before the tenant moves out. Unless your lease states otherwise, how much notice you must give depends on how you pay your rent. If you pay once per month, you must give one month’s notice. If you pay once per week, you must give one week’s notice. Always keep a copy of the notice for your records.

Always give the landlord a forwarding address where the security deposit can be sent. Arrange to have the landlord inspect the rental property for damages before you move out. If possible, you should be there when the landlord inspects the property. You should get a copy of the landlord’s list of damages. You and the landlord should try to agree on the reasonable cost of any repairs.

If the landlord cannot inspect the rental property while your are there, you should conduct your own inspection. Get a friend to be there with you while you inspect the property, make your own list of damages, and take pictures of the property. This way you will have proof if the landlord tries to keep too much of your security deposit or tries to sue you for damaging the rental property.

On the day that you move out, return the keys to the landlord. Get a signed and dated receipt from the landlord stating that you returned the keys. Turn off the utilities that are in your name by calling the utility company yourself.

 

* * * * *

Prepared February 1999.

The information above has been taken from the following materials:

  • Knoxville Legal Aid Society, "Your Rights as a Tenant Under the Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act" (1995).
  • Knoxville Legal Aid Society, "Landlord and Tenant Guide" (1995).
  • An Advocates Guide to Landlord Tenant Law in Tennessee, by Michael Mirra, Jerry Williams, and the Knoxville Legal Aid Society, published by the Tennessee Association of Legal Services (1996).
  • T.C.A. §§ 66-28-101 et seq., "Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act" (updated through 1998).

 

 

 

This page was created 04/99.

DISCLAIMER: This web page a work-in-progress. We are attempting to add to it as we learn more, and we make corrections when inaccuracies come to our attention.  If you observe any mistakes or have any suggested additions, please EMAIL US.  Even though our site is imperfect and not intended to be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice, we hope people will find it informative and helpful. In any case, visitors should not entirely rely on the completeness or accuracy of the information on the webpage, but should confirm information for themselves before making assumptions.

 

 

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