PHILOSOPHY 646: ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
SPRING 2001
NOTE:  Student summaries of the readings can be accessed by clicking the appropriate line in the course calendar below.

PROFESSOR: John Nolt                                         OFFICE PHONE: 974-7218
OFFICE: 818 McClung Tower                                HOME PHONE: 573-4135
OFFICE HOURS: 9-10 MWF                                 E-MAIL: nolt@utk.edu
      and by appointment                                            WEBSITE: web.utk.edu/~nolt

REQUIRED TEXTS

Avner de-Shalit, Why Posterity Matters: Environmental Policies and Future Generations, Routledge, 1995.

Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, 1983.

Peter Singer, Animal Liberation, revised edition, Avon Books, 1990.

Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics, Princeton University Press, 1986.

Mark Sagoff, The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law and the Environment, Cambridge University Press, 1988

J. Baird Calicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, SUNY Press, 1989.

ON RESERVE Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Oxford University Press, 1984. OTHER USEFUL BOOKS (NOT REQUIRED) Joseph R. Des Jardins, Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy, 2nd ed., Wadsworth 1997. [The best overview of environmental philosophy that I have read.]

Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River, Ballantine, 1970. [The original statement of Leopold's land ethic.]

John Nolt, et.al., What Have We Done? The Foundation for Global Sustainability’s State of the Bioregion Report for the Upper Tennessee Valley and the Southern Appalachian Mountains, Earth Knows, 1997. [A synoptic assessment of the ecological health of the Southern Appalachian region; if you are unfamiliar with the current environmental situation, read this.]

Peter S. Wenz, Environmental Justice, SUNY Press, 1988 [Excellent account of how classical theories of justice fail in environmental contexts.]

Peter S. Wenz, Environmental Ethics Today, Oxford University Press, 2001. [An overview, like Des Jardins' book, but so new I haven't read it yet (it came in the mail on January 2). Wenz is one of the clearest writers in the field; I'm betting this is really good.]

Michael J. Zimmerman, et. al., Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001. [Seminal essays by various authors in environmental philosophy.]

ABOUT THE COURSE

This is a graduate seminar in environmental ethics. I define environmental ethics broadly as the attempt to expand the attribution of intrinsic moral worth beyond now-living human beings to include one or more of the following:

(A) Future generations of humans. The development of technologies capable of harming or eliminating even very distant future generations renders questionable nearly all traditional forms of ethics, since these concerned chiefly our relations to contemporaries. But the attempt to expand moral consideration into the far future quickly runs into deep practical and conceptual problems.

(B) Higher non-human animals. Many animals have some of the characteristics (e.g. sentience or self-concern) that justify our ascription of moral worth to humans. To what extent, then, are such higher animals intrinsically worthy of moral consideration? This is a delicate question, since its answer may have disruptive and unpopular implications—e.g. vegetarianism, the reduction or elimination of animal agriculture, restrictions on research uses of animals, or an end to hunting and fishing.

(C) Nature in general. Moral consideration for nature itself is environmental ethics in the strictest sense. Some thinkers (biocentrists) argue that each living organism is intrinsically valuable and so extend fundamental moral consideration even to lower animals and to plants. Others (ecocentrists) ascribe intrinsic moral value not only to individual organisms but to natural wholes or systems—e.g. wetlands, forests, rivers, soils, the atmosphere, species, ecosystems or the biosphere. But this holism threatens our well-entrenched western individualism.

These three attempts to go beyond traditional ethics are in uncomfortable tension with one another as well as with the tradition—a tension that provides fertile ground for philosophical work.

The course is divided into three sections corresponding to this threefold division of environmental ethics. I will introduce each section with one or more lectures, but after the initial lectures individual members of the class will be responsible for presenting the reading material and initiating discussion. We will follow a rotating schedule for class presentations. With each presentation, the presenter should turn in a brief (maybe 3-page), well-edited summary of the day's reading. These summaries should present the author's main points and provide a critical analysis of the author's arguments for them.

In addition to the reading summaries, each student must write a term paper, the final draft of which is due at the end of the semester.

GRADES

Grades will be based on the following:

ABOUT ME
I came to UT in 1978 after receiving my Ph.D. from Ohio State with a dissertation in logic and the philosophy of mathematics. I have since published three college textbooks and various articles in these areas. After the birth of my daughter in 1985, concern about the world in which my children will live led me into environmental activism and soon thereafter I began working in environmental philosophy. My first book on environmental philosophy, Down to Earth: Toward a Philosophy of Nonviolent Living, was published in 1995. A second book, What Have We Done?, which analyzes the environmental destruction of Southern Appalachia, appeared in 1997. My nonprofessional interests include rock climbing, primitive woodworking, hiking, biking, and organic gardening.

 
COURSE CALENDAR
Readings should be competed by the date for which they are listed.
 
Date Reading Comments
1/10 Introductory class
I. ETHICS REGARDING FUTURE GENERATIONS
1/12 Introductory lecture
1/15 NO CLASS — Martin Luther King Day  
1/17 Parfit, chs. 16-17 I will present this material
1/19 Parfit, ch. 18 I will present this material
1/22 Parfit, ch 19 I will present this material
1/24 de-Shalit, pp. 1-31
1/26 de-Shalit, pp. 31-50  
1/29 de-Shalit, ch. 2  
1/31 de-Shalit, ch. 3  
2/2 de-Shalit, ch. 4  
2/5 de-Shalit, chs. 5-6  
II. ETHICS REGARDING ANIMALS
2/7 Singer, Prefaces and ch. 1  
2/9 Singer, ch. 2  
2/12 Singer, ch. 3  
2/14 Singer, chs. 4-5  
2/16 Singer, ch. 6  
2/19 Regan, chs. 1-2  
2/21 Regan, ch. 3  
2/23 Regan, ch. 4  
2/26 Regan, ch. 5  
2/28 Regan, ch. 6  
3/2 Regan, ch. 7  
3/5 Regan. ch. 8  
3/7 Regan, ch. 9; Callicott, ch 2 (review of Regan)  
III. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS PROPER
3/9 Taylor, ch. 1  
3/12 Taylor, ch. 2  
3/14 Taylor, ch. 3  
3/16 Taylor, ch. 4  
3/19-3/23 NO CLASS — Spring Break  
3/26 Taylor, ch. 5  
3/28 Taylor, ch. 6  
3/30 Sagoff, Introduction, ch. 1  
4/2 Sagoff, ch. 2  
4/4 Sagoff, ch. 3  
4/6 Sagoff, chs. 4-5  
4/9 Sagoff, chs. 6-7  
4/11 Sagoff, chs. 8-9  
4/13 NO CLASS — Good Friday  
4/16 Callicott, chs. 1 and 3  
4/18 Callicott, ch. 4  
4/20 Callicott, ch. 5  
4/23 Callicott, ch. 6  
4/25 Callicott, ch. 7 Drafts of term papers due
4/27 Callicott, ch. 8  
4/30 Callicott, ch. 9  
5/2 NO CLASS — Study Day  
5/7 Exam period 8-10 a.m. Final discussion, term papers due
 

John Nolt's Course Listings
John Nolt's Home Page