• Humanities
• Social Sciences
• Medicine

Scholars within the humanities schould use the Chicago Manual of Style unless their specific academic discipline, or the forum for which they are writing, calls for a different style. Historians, for example, would use the Chicago Manual in most cases, but those in English or other languages would use the MLA Style Guide.

The Chicago Manual of Style, Fourteenth Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), notes the rapid increase of e-documents and follows the guidelines of the ISO (International Standards Organization): discretion is allowable in choosing punction to separate elements of the citation, but internal consistency is vital (see pp. 633-34).

No links found to Chicago Manual online

Information from an online service (e.g., Dialog)(in the manner of rule 15.422)

Hoemann, George H., et al. The Wonderful World of the Net. Des Moines: Iowa Center for Electronic Education, September 1994. 104, Dialog, ERIC, ED 29950.

Electronic Documents: (online database)(in the manner of 15.424)

George Hoemann, "Figuring Out the Net," in Netwire [database online] (Chicago: Net Wire, 1993- [updated 11 March 1994; cited 20 April 1994]), accession no. 0006783; NO=NW356; 7 screens; available from DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.

or;

Hoemann, George H. "Figuring Out the Net." In Netwire [database online]. Chicago: Net Wire, 1993- [updated 11 March 1994; cited 20 April 1994]), accession no. 0006783; NO=NW356. 7 screens. Available from DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.

Electronic Bulletin Boards/Listservs

"Where is it Now?," in Netnews Log7764 [electronic bulletin board], s.l. 1 September 1993-; [cited 1 April 1995], available from listserv @ UBVM.BITNET

or:

"Where is it Now?." In Netnews Log7764 [electronic bulletin board]. S.l. 1 September 1993-; [cited 1 April 1995]. Available from listserv @ UBVM.BITNET

Links to MLA online style suggestions

• Suggested MLA e-document formats
• Style Manual--MLA (via University of Illinois)
• MLA Handbook: Discussion
• MLA Style (via Purdue University)

Analogy from ink-on-paper style.
Within the text of your document use the author-page method, e.g., (Hoemann 133); (Hoemann and Myers 2) if the browser provides pagination. If not, use author-URL. With no author, use the first word of the title as it will appear in the list of rerefencers at the end of the work ("Drugs" 31) or ("Drugs" URL).

Example: One author

Hoemann. George H. Liberty is No Negation: Slavery and the Thirteenth Amendment. Http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/liberty.html

Example: Two or three authors

Hoemann, George H., and Joseph Bloggs. Remembering the Good Times. Http://web.utk.edu/~bloggs/remember.html

Exmaple: More than three authors

Hoemann, George H., et al. The Decline of the Library. Http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/decline.html

Example: Part of a whole

Hoemann, George H. "Electronic Style--Examples by Authority." Electronic Style...the Final Frontier, http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/style.html

Scholars in the social sciences should consult carefully the forum for which they are writing. Psychologists will use the APA Style Guide. See below for a link to a broader discussion of style in the social sciences.

• APA Format (via Purdue University)
• Style Manual -- APA (via University of Illinois)

Analogy from ink-on-paper style.
Within the text of your document use the author-date method, e.g., (Hoemann, 1995). At the conclusion of the document, list in alphabetical order (by author) all references cited:

Example: One author (multipart)

Hoemann, G. H. (1995). Electronic Citation--Examples by Authority. Electronic Style...the Final Frontier. Http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/style.html

Example: Two authors (multipart)

Hoemann, G. H., & Bloggs, Joseph (1995). From Net to Net. Evolution of the Internet. Http://web.utk.edu/~bloggs/evolution.html

Example: One author (one file)

Hoemann, G. H. (1995) Electronic Style...the Final Frontier. Http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/style.html

Example: Two authors (one file)

Hoemann, G. H., & Bloggs, Joseph (1995). Whatever Happened to Paper?. Http://web.utk.edu/~bloggs/whatever.html

Links to other sources regarding Social Science citations

• Sue A. Dodd's Bibliographic Citations in the Social Sciences
• Sociology Style

Karen Patrias, National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliogrpahic Citation (Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991), addresses style quetsions regarding bulletin boards services, online databases, and email.

Online Databases

The base information includes title, type of medium, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, frequency of publication, and availability.

Example: Citation for an entire database

TREK [database online]. San Francisco (CA): UFP Productions; 1969- . Updated monthly. Avaiable from: UFP Pruductions; DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.

Example: Citation for part of a database

WARPROJ [database online]. Chicago (IL). Illinois Historical Soceity; 1987-1994 [updated 1994 Nov 27; cited 1994 Dec 4]. Illinois Federalized Militia Units in Tennessee; identifier:WP/94/76/ILLTN; [300 lines]. Avaiable from: Illinois Historical Society, Chicago, IL.

Electronic Bulletin Boards

Example: Citation for an entire Bulletin Board

NETNUTS BBS [electronic bulletin board]. [New York (NY)]: Unwired Publishers; 1993- . Availabel from: 800-555-5555.

Example: Contribution to a bulletin board

Hoemann, George. This Citation Thing. In: NETNUTS [electronic bulletin board]. [New York (NY)]: Unwired Publishers; [1994 Nov 11; cited 1995 Jan 3, 10:17 pm]. Main Bulletin; [4 screens].

Example: email message

Hoemann, George. Stuff. Message to: Margaret Casado. In: SprintMail [electornic mail system]. [Reston (VA)]: Spring International. 1995 Mar 28, 6:17 am; Message No.:FGJH-1234-9850; [17 lines].