Change all passive constructions to active constructions in the following paragraphs:

The establishment of toxicity criteria for risk assessment is necessitated by the large number of pollutants that have been found to have the potential to harm aquatic ecosystems. The regulation and management of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems are based upon toxicological information involving the quantification of a biological response with a pollutant concentration for a designated exposure period. Management decisions can only be made after some knowledge of the effects of toxicants over long periods of exposure has been achieved. Chronic bioassays are designed to assess an organism's response to long-term exposures to toxicants.

For chronic bioassays, the endpoints usually considered are survival and reproductive success. Reproductive success is measured by the number of young produced during exposure. While these are important and sensitive endpoints for assessing the toxicity of toxicants to organisms, the results obtained for the two endpoints are usually considered separately, based on the more sensitive of the two endpoints as determined statistically, and are not considered in an ecological context.

A needed strategy in the development of environmental management is a way to define the significance of toxicological data in terms of populations. To give ecological meaning to chronic bioassay data, the intrinsic rate of natural increase can be used as an endpoint. With this endpoint, survival and reproduction are integrated into a single endpoint that enhances the interpretation of chronic bioassay data.

Although the intrinsic rate of natural increase has been used by biologists to assess survival and fecundity since the early 1900s, the parameter has not been used by toxicologists as a common endpoint for chronic bioassays. This is due in part to the difficulty in reporting the variance in intrinsic rate. In most studies where estimates of intrinsic rate have been reported, the variance in intrinsic rate was not determined, or if determined it was based on replicate test data. Replicate tests are usually not conducted during chronic bioassays, especially tests using aquatic effluents; therefore, to use intrinsic rate as an endpoint requires examining methods for estimating its variance.

ATTACHMENT III

Example

Case Narrative EBS-OR-15094

September 6, 2001 Client Contact Name Company Division Company Name Address Line 1 Address Line 2 CASE NARRATIVE Utah Certified Ð NELAP Accredited Client Contract Identification Work Order #XX-XX-XXX SAMPLE RECEIPT

This work order contains two water samples received 04/26/01. One sample was analyzed for Isotopic Uranium, Total Uranium, Isotopic Plutonium, Neptunium-237, Technetium-99, Gross Alpha/Beta and by Gamma Spectroscopy. One sample was analyzed for Tritium and Carbon-14.

CLIENT ID LAB ID CLIENT ID LAB ID AAAAAA 01-04160-04 CCCCCCCCC 01-04160-06 BBBBBB 01-04160-05 The file names for these samples are xxxxxxx.res, xxxxxxxx.lcs, xxxxxxxx.dup and xxxxxxxxx.mb.

ANALYTICAL METHODS Isotopic Uranium was analyzed using Method EML U-02 modified. Total Uranium was analyzed using Method ASTM D5174 modified. Isotopic Plutonium and Neptunium-237 were analyzed using Method EML Pu-02 modified. Technetium-99 was analyzed using EIChroM Method TCW01 modified. Tritium was performed by beta liquid scintillation using EPA Method 906.0 modified. Carbon-14 was performed using Method ENIC modified. Gross Alpha/Beta was performed by gas-flow proportional counting using EPA Method 900.0 modified. Gamma Spectroscopy was performed using EPA Method 901.1 modified.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS There were no general considerations for this analysis

ANALYTICAL RESULTS NOTED EXCEPTIONS Because of the high level of total solids in the liquid samples, the aliquots were reduced for the gross alpha/beta analyses resulting in elevated detection limits. Based on the maximum energies of alpha particles, it is only practical to correct samples for self-absorption up to a final deposited mass of about 120 milligrams on a two-inch planchet (EPA method 900.0). In order to stay within this calibration limit, it was necessary to use aliquots for these samples that were substantially reduced from those normally used in this determination. Additionally, the high deposited mass required the use of a significant self-absorption factor in the calculation of the results, uncertainties, and detection limits. These two factors resulted in elevation of the detection limits above what is normally seen for this analysis. Though the detection limits could be lowered through longer counting times, the inverse-square relationship between count time and detection limits (a four times longer count to lower the detection limit by half) dictates that impractically long count times would be required to produce ÒnormalÓ detection limits. We feel that the gross alpha/beta data as presented represents the best compromise between the desired detection limits and the problems inherent in the sample matrix.

ISOTOPIC URANIUM Uranium samples were prepared by chemical digestion and ion exchange separation. The samples were mounted by micro-precipitation onto a microporus filter. The samples were then counted by semiconductor alpha spectroscopy. The sample demonstrated levels of Uranium that were slightly elevated above the sample specific detection limit. The chemical recovery was acceptable for all samples. These results compared reasonably well with the Total Uranium determinations also performed on the sample. The laboratory control standard had an acceptable percent recovery and normalized difference for the Uranium-234, Uranium-235, and Uranium-238 isotopes. The blank result was less than the sample detection limit for all three Uranium isotopes. The relative percent difference and the normalized difference were both acceptable for all three Uranium isotopes in the replicate analyses. There were no significant problems associated with this analysis.

TOTAL URANIUM The sample was prepared for Total Uranium analysis by acid digestion of a standard aliquot of the sample, dilution to a standard volume, and complexation with the Ura-Plexª Uranium reagent. The sample was counted with a ChemCheck KPA-11, Kinetic Phosphorimetry Analyzer. The sample demonstrated a level of Uranium that was slightly elevated above the instrument detection limit. The chemical recovery was acceptable for all samples. The result seen in this analysis was reasonably similar to those seen in the Isotopic Uranium determination. The percent recovery and normalized difference were acceptable for the laboratory control standard. The activity level for the process blank was less than the instrument detection limit. The replicate analyses had an acceptable relative percent difference and normalized difference. The percent recovery was acceptable for the matrix spike though the normalized difference was slightly elevated above the acceptable limit. There were no problems associated with this analysis.

ISOTOPIC PLUTONIUM Plutonium samples were prepared by chemical digestion and ion exchange separation. The samples were mounted by microprecipitation onto a microporus filter. The samples were then counted by semiconductor alpha spectroscopy. The sample demonstrated results that were less than or equal to the sample specific detection limit for both Plutonium isotopes. The chemical recovery was acceptable for all samples. The percent recovery and the normalized difference comparison were acceptable for the laboratory control standard. The blank results were less than the detection limit for both Plutonium isotopes. The relative percent difference and normalized difference were acceptable for the Plutonium-238 replicate. The Plutonium-239 replicate analyses had an elevated relative percent difference but this was not unexpected given the diminimus level of activity in the samples. At levels of activity near or less than the detection limits, the relative percent difference is not an applicable comparison. The normalized difference was acceptable for the Plutonium-239 replicate analyses. [This sentence is an example of one of the situations that will be covered with a standard statement] There were no other problems associated with this analysis.

NEPTUNIUM-237 Neptunium samples were prepared by chemical digestion and ion exchange separation. The samples were mounted by micro-precipitation onto a microporus filter. The samples were then counted by semiconductor alpha spectroscopy. The sample demonstrated a result that was statistically identical to the sample specific detection limit. The chemical recovery was acceptable for all samples. Though the laboratory control standard had an elevated percent recovery, the results were reported based on the acceptable normalized difference result. The blank result was less than the associated sample specific detection limit. The replicate analyses had an acceptable relative percent difference and normalized difference. There were no other problems associated with this analysis.

TECHNETIUM-99 The samples were prepared by oxidative reaction with Nitric acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. After the samples were thoroughly oxidized, the Technetium was separated using EIChroM resin stabilized chemical reagents. The resin was then transferred to a liquid scintillation vial, cocktail was added and the sample was counted on a Packard 2550 TRLL beta liquid scintillation counter. The sample demonstrated an activity level that was somewhat elevated above the sample specific detection limit. The chemical recovery was acceptable for all samples. The laboratory control standard had an acceptable percent recovery and normalized difference. The blank result was less than the associated detection limit. The relative percent difference and the normalized difference were both acceptable for the replicate analyses. There were no problems associated with this analysis.

TRITIUM An aliquot of the sample was transferred into a round-bottomed distillation flask and attached to a single stage still. A portion of the middle fraction of the distillate was transferred to a liquid scintillation vial and cocktail was added. The sample was the counted by beta liquid scintillation. A matrix-spiked sample was simultaneously prepared to determine chemical recovery and instrument efficiency. The sample had a result that was slightly elevated above the sample specific detection limit. The percent recovery and the normalized difference were acceptable for the laboratory control standard. The relative percent difference and the normalized difference were both acceptable for the replicate analyses. There were no problems associated with this analysis.

CARBON-14 A sample aliquot was transferred to the liquid scintillation vial and mixed with scintillation cocktail. The samples were counted by beta liquid scintillation using energy windows set to minimize the contribution from other potential contaminants. Sample demonstrated results that were all slightly elevated above the sample specific detection limit. The percent recovery and the normalized difference were both acceptable for the laboratory control standard. The relative percent difference and the normalized difference were both acceptable for the replicate analyses. There were no problems associated with this analysis.

GROSS ALPHA/BETA Gross Alpha/Beta samples for water were prepared by evaporation of an acidified aliquot of the sample and transfer of the reduced sample to a steel planchet for final evaporation to dryness. The samples were then counted by use of a gas proportional counter. The Alpha and Beta results were slightly elevated above the sample specific detection limit. The laboratory control standard had an acceptable percent recovery for the gross beta and alpha laboratory control standards. The normalized difference was acceptable for the gross alpha laboratory control standard and was slightly elevated for the gross beta laboratory control standard. The results for both process blank analyses were less than their associated sample detection limits. The relative percent difference and the normalized difference were both acceptable for both replicate analyses. The percent recoveries were acceptable for both matrix spikes though the normalized difference was elevated in both cases. This situation was not unexpected given the level of activity in the matrix spikes. At levels of activity significantly elevated above the sample detection limit, the normalized difference comparison is not appropriate. [This sentence is an example of one of the situations that will be covered with a standard statement] There were no other problems associated with this analysis.

GAMMA SPECTRAL ANALYSIS Gamma Spectroscopy samples were prepared by transferring a measured aliquot of the sample to a standard geometry container. The samples were counted on a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma ray detector. At the clientÕs request, the results for 137Cesium were reported from the gamma spectral analysis. [We should list the analytes that the client requested for gamma spectral analyses] The result for the listed isotope was less than or equal to the sample specific detection limit. The laboratory control standard had an acceptable percent recovery and normalized difference. The blank result was less than its associated sample detection limit. The replicate analyses had an acceptable relative percent difference and normalized difference. There were no problems associated with this analysis.

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MEMORANDUM

To: Katalin Voros, Operations Manager

From: Siavash Parsa, Process Engineering Manager

Subject: 2000 Year-End Report

Date: 15 January 2001

I. Overview
As Process Engineering Manager in the Microlab, my primary responsibilities include supervision of process engineers, technicians, as well as providing technical support to UCB and other Microlab affiliates. The Process group is responsible for maintaining existing processes, as well as developing new processes for our modified equipment and the new installations. Other activities entail timely execution of process monitors on all of our major pieces of equipment, ETR service, mask making service, on-line update of equipment manuals and many other activities designed to make sure that Microlab is in the best working order. In addition, the process staff has intimately been involved in the conversion process. This challenging project is expected to continue well over the next few months or possibly into the next year.

II. Microlab Conversion
The conversion began in late 1999. This has been a major project involving various groups within the ERL department. The goal is to eventually be able to sustain baseline process and the next generation of research work on the new and upgraded tools. My involvement with this project has included technical support in selection and installation of the new equipment as well as directing the process development work on the new tool set.

Lithography (6-inch stepper and coat/developer track): ASML, a 6-inch deep UV stepper (5500/90 model) has been sited in the GL4. This room is also hosting a recently refurbished SVG-8800 coater/developer track. Another piece of equipment in this room is a new UV microscope, capable of inspecting sub-micron geometry pattern. This should complete the transformation of GL4 into a high technology lithography area. Here is the breakdown of work completed. ASML o ASML stepper was moved into GL4 last summer, since then a lot of work has been done to get the room ready for the start up that began on 01/03/01. Preparation started much earlier with the stepper move into GL4 last year, followed by facility work. o I attended the weekly meetings held by Advanced Litho group (Professor Neureuther) to plan future experiments and help with ASML installation and support. o ASYST has promised us a complete single reticle handling set for free. Professor Neureuther has been very helpful in acquiring this ASYST donation. Five single SMIF pods are here. We are waiting for the arrival of ASYS reticle loader to complete the set. o Shipley and Shin-Etsu donated two types of UV-resists to us. These resists will be needed for stepper lens characterization and baseline process development (UV - 210 and SEPR 463 resists). SVG-8800 o Our SVG track, which was refurbished by AIO is sited in GL4. o Facilities and the necessary support items are in place. We should soon be able to develop processes on this tool. Hitachi CD-SEM o The new Intel donation, Hitachi CD-SEM model 6808 has been sited in R2. This is a much needed measurement tool and it will be a great asset to GL4 high tech lithography module.

Diffusion Tystar Furnaces (Tystars 9-12): Hardware installation and facility were completed during the second half of the year. Process staff promptly began the development work in November, soon to find out that there were major issues with the design of the furnace elements (Pro-Temp). Inspite of all the good work that the equipment group and machine shop had done, we had to reject all of these elements for the improper design, which produced unacceptable temperature profile. Jimmy Chang has done an excellent job releasing these furnaces with fairly decent processes for wafers. Meanwhile the characterization is on hold until the new elements from a different vendor (Thermcraft, our standard previous vendor) are delivered and installed. Etch A very nice poly etch process is now available on Lam4 etcher. We still need to acquire oxide and metal etchers for the etch module. o Poly Etch: The 6-inch poly etch process was developed on Lam4 Rainbow etcher. A three factor, two level DOE was used to optimize the process. A high power (330W), gas flow (640sccm) and pressure (425 mTorr) recipe yielded the best etch rate (4913A/min) and low percent of non-uniformity (<1.5%). See SEM picture shown, Figure 1. Sinks A new sink9 and the supporting spin rinse dryer (SRD) have been installed in the VLSI area. We are currently working on some of the remaining hardware issues overlooked by the vendor. The lab manual is available on the web site.

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Dear Ms. Predny:

It is a pleasure to inform your admission to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in the College of Arts and Sciences beginning with the Fall Term, 2000. Further information concerning orientation, advising, and paying fees will be sent to you during Spring, 2000 by the Orientation Office.

Classes begin August 23, 2000. An evaluation of your transfer credits will be forwarded to you. If you have questions concerning your admission or the evaluation of your transfer credit, please contact the Admissions Office. For this offer of admission to remain valid, you must maintain a minimum 2.00 average in the remainder of your college work and provide this office with a supplementary transcript including all attempted coursework. Now that you are a part of the university community, other campus offices will begin to contact you concerning available student services. If you have applied for financial assistance and residence hall accomodations, information will be commmunicated directly to you by the offices responsible for these areas.

The Orientation Office will forward information about orientation and registration. In order for us to confirm your decision to attend the University, we ask that you return the enclosed postage-paid reply card to our office by May 1, 2000. On behalf of the faculty and staff of The University of Tennessee, I extend to you a most warm and sincere welcome.

Sincerely, Marshall C. Rose Director of Admissions

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MEMORANDUM

Date: January 1, 1996

To: Kris Powerbroker

From: John Gopher, Operations Review Committee

Subject: Review of Electrical Division

Included hereinafter are the results of the operations review of the Electrical Division that we were asked to conduct in response to a concern on management's part over excessive expenses in the last year. The operations of the Electrical Division were studied by our team for a time period of three weeks, during which time it became evident that there are areas needing improvement.

One of our recommendations is that new assembly line tools be purchased for all three assembly lines. This is because so many new operations are now incorporated into each assembly line that the old tools are becoming obsolete. The acquisition of the skills necessary to implement use of the new tools will require that there be some interruption of the assembly lines, but the cost effectiveness of the changeover is obvious. It is also recommended that there be a promotion of the supervisor of Line B, Carol Wood, to the newly created position of Assembly Systems Leader.

The integration of the three assembly lines can be accomplished by her, with assistance by an Assembly Line Integration Team, appointed by you and supervised by Ms. Wood. Implementation of the assembly line integration is suggested to occur before acquisition of the new tools. It is felt that following these recommendations will result in all three assembly lines increasing in productivity.

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Legacy

The essence of life is not measured in quantity, but in quality. No truer words are to be spoken when Kim Rowden is remembered. Kim Rowden lived three years after being diagnosed at the age of twenty-five with breast cancer. She lived her life to the fullest and touched the hearts of so many people, young and old alike. She was a loving daughter, a warm-hearted and gifted young woman, and was engaged to be married. At the age of six, she had demonstrated a talent for crafts and had a superb ability for needlepoint. Kim had been a pianist and a dancer. She also had excelled in many sports including basketball and golf. Kim had been a computer analyst for the Department of Energy in Oak Ridge, and held a degree in mathematics and business administration. Her greatest talent was inspiring everyone she met, including the medical team that fought to save her life. KimÕs memory lives on in the lives of the people she helps save. Through medical research, her breast cancer played a vital role in the detection of the BRAC 1 and BRAC 2 genes, the only breast cancer genes that have been identified. KimÕs deep faith provided hope to all she encountered through her special glow for life.

The Knoxville Comprehensive Breast Center has established the Kim Rowden Breast Cancer Memorial Fund, a non-profit fund of the Baptist Health System Foundation. The fundÕs mission is to provide breast screening and treatment for women without financial resources. So we commemorate KimÕs special embrace for life through this memorial fund. It is through your generous support that we can embrace women in need of breast health services and provide the hope they need to find breast cancer early and survive this disease.