| Picture
Gallery of Trees and Tree Rings
Needless
to say, there is a great demand for photographs about tree-ring research.
What do tree rings look like? What do typical trees look like that
tree-ring scientists use? Well, you get the point. If you or your
colleagues have images you would like to contribute to this photo gallery,
by all means, do so. The tree-ring community will benefit greatly if we
all participate. Click on the
thumbnail image below to see the full-sized image. Have
fun!
Trees
used in tree-ring research
Tree-ring photos
Copyright
information
Downloading information
Trees
I've worked a lot with
limber pines (Pinus flexlis) in the American Southwest, but
seldom does one see a limber pine like this one found growing in
northern New Mexico (photo © S. Atencio). Truly an impressive tree. On
the uphill side facing away is a fantastic catface containing evidence
of multiple fires at this location.
 These whitebark pines (Pinus
albicaulis) are growing on a steep rocky slope on Morrell Mountain in
the Lolo National Forest of western Montana (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). They exhibit all the properties we associate with
long-lived trees.
 This
spectacular tree is a 1006-year old northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis) living precariously on the cliffs of the Niagara
Escarpment (photo © Peter Kelly). This species has provided the oldest
known trees in eastern North America.
 These
three northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) trees, known as The
Three Kings, are rooted in the
talus at the base of the Niagara Escarpment (photo © Peter Kelly). They
are 956, 1033 and 1156 years old.
 In
May 1996, Chris Baisan and I found this tree, a Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus
scopulorum), at El Malpais National Monument (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer), and currently it is the reigning oldest wood yet
discovered in New Mexico - 256 B.C.!
This incredibly majestic
western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) tree is growing in
Yosemite National Park (photo
© Peter Kelly) on one of the many domes found throughout the park. Such
trees are common in the park and are commonly over 1000 years in age.
 A
stately Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) snag (a dead, standing
tree) in El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). Notice that this tree grew directly on the lava surface,
with no soil around!
 Here
I am, coring an immense Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) on the
island of Abaco in the Bahamas (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
I never would have believed such pines grew on such an isolated island.
 A
foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) at treeline high on Alta
Peak in the Sierra Nevada of California (photo © A.C. Caprio). That's
Chris Baisan of the LTRR to the left using an increment borer.
This image shows a
well-formed "catface" (fire-scarred basal wound) on a living
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree on Mesita Blanca in el
Malpais National Monument in New Mexico
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). You can practically see the ridges that
indicate the multiple fire events!
 A
bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) at treeline in the White
Mountains of eastern California, the oldest known trees in the world
(photo © L. Miller).
 This
picture shows the growth forms that we identify in the field that
characterize extremely long-lived western junipers (Juniperus
occidentalis) in central Oregon, near Frederick Butte
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). These dead standing trees have tree rings
that go back nearly 1000 years!
 A
monstrous giant sequoia tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in
Sequoia National Park, California (photo © A.C. Caprio). A normal-sized
person would perhaps be as high as the knot on the lower right side of the
tree.
 A
fire-scar wound ("catface") on a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum) tree in Sequoia National Park, California (photo ©
A.C. Caprio). Many giant sequoia trees have been damaged by fire.
 A
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree in the Chiricahua
Mountains of southeastern Arizona, showing a well-defined fire-scarred
area (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). That's Mariette Seklecki of the LTRR
to the left for scale.
 This
photo shows an unbelievable fire scarred surface and its series of fire
scars on a Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) at Reddish Knob,
Virginia, in the George Washington National Forest (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Who would have thought we'd find such well-formed scars in the
Appalachians?
Our first photo from the
Southern Hemisphere! A series of fire scars on an Araucaria (Araucaria
araucana) tree in Villarrica National Park, Chile (photo © M.E.
Gonzalez). This picture shows some of the 18 multiple low and high
severity fire scars.
 A
group of stunted, contorted ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa)
growing on a lava flow in western Oregon (photo © J.H. Speer). Jim
was collecting samples to study insect outbreaks, so he wanted to minimize
the "noise" introduced by other factors, such as climate and
fire.
 A
Rocky Mountain juniper tree (Juniperus scopulorum) in El Malpais
National Monument, being sawed by James Riser of the LTRR (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). This tree began growing in the year 29 BC and died in AD
1859, making this 1,888 year old tree the oldest tree known to have ever
lived in the Southwest.
 Linda
Mutch collecting an increment core from a very old, fire-scarred ponderosa
pine tree (Pinus ponderosa) in the Santa Catalina Mountains
north of Tucson, Arizona (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Notice that the
slope is very steep and that the fire-scarred surface of the tree is on
the upslope side.
 This
photo shows a close-up of well-formed fire scars in a Table Mountain pine
(Pinus pungens) tree that we discovered on Brush Mountain, in the
Jefferson National Forest of Virginia, near Blacksburg, Virginia
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 Here,
Chris Baisan of the LTRR is extracting a small plug out of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) snag near Mt. Graham in southeastern Arizona (photo © W.E.
Wright). Note that the tree did not have to be cut down to get its
tree-ring record!
 Notice
the large scar on this tree (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This is not
a fire scar. Instead, the bark on this ponderosa pine tree (Pinus
ponderosa) in Montana was peeled off by Native Americans to
retrieve the soft, inner bark for food or medicinal purposes.
 Here,
a researcher is coring a tree using an increment borer (photo ©
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.). The borer itself is hollow
so that a core, the width of a pencil, can be extracted from the tree.
 Notice
where this tree is growing, in the middle of Congaree Swamp, South
Carolina (photo © L.J. Cushman). This is a baldcypress tree (Taxodium
distichum), currently the oldest species known in the Southeastern
U.S. (about 1,650 years old).
 On
a field trip to El Malpais in October 1998, I found a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) log we had sampled back in 1993. This sample, CRE106, has
an inner ring date of AD 823, and is a classic example of what the old
eroded Douglas-fir logs look like on the lava flows (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer).
 An
immense, very old western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) growing
in the Sierra Nevada of California (photo © G. Burgess). Even though this
tree has never been aged using tree rings, we can still see that it is
likely to be very old.
 One
of my all-time favorite places, the crest of the Sandia Mountains at about
10,500 feet elevation, overlooking Albuquerque, New Mexico (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). Notice the limber pine trees (Pinus flexilis)
that are clinging precariously to the cliff edges.
 A
corkbark fir tree (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica), growing
in the high elevation forests of southern Arizona near Mt. Graham (photo
© J. Psaltis). Notice how the bark has been stripped off this tree - by
taking cores, we can date when this bark was stripped off.
 A
very impressive ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) log on the
east side of the Cascades in Oregon (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Notice
the fire-scarred basal wound, one of the largest I've ever seen,
containing over 20 fire scars.
 Found
by Jeff Tepper (right) and me (left) in the swamps around Lake Louise,
Georgia, this longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stump has unique
marks on it, giving it the appearance of a "cat face" (photo ©
H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This tree was "boxed" by turpentiners in
the late 1800s when the naval stores industry was at its zenith. Hence,
this is a very rare find.
 Here,
I'm cutting into a downed ponderosa pine log in the San Juan National
Forest in southwestern Colorado to retrieve a section of the ponderosa
pine tree (Pinus ponderosa) with a well-defined fire scar (photo ©
H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Such sections help us reconstruct the fire history
in an area.
Tree Rings
 A
spectacular view of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cross
section obtained from the Zuni Mountains of New Mexico by my friends Chris
Baisan and Rex Adams (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Note how very sensitive the ring widths are of
this species, indicating it is ideal for reconstructing climate.
This picture shows tree rings from a fire-scarred pinyon pine (Pinus
edulis) that had been growing on a
southern face of a
ridgetop in southeastern Colorado
(photo © J. Witters).
Pinyon is considered not very fire resistant and can be easily killed by
wildfires, but this example shows (just like the red spruce beneath this
one) that fires can affect many tree species, even those considered fire
intolerant.
 Seeing
is believing. This photograph shows a fire scar
on a red spruce (Picea rubens) collected from Mt. Rogers in the
southern Appalachians in southern Virginia
(photo © A. Krustchinsky).
This must have been a low-intensity fire to have scarred the tree when
it was so young, dispelling the myth that fires do not occur in such
mesic, high-elevation locations of the eastern U.S.
 A
lot of people have asked me for pictures of bristlecone pine (Pinus
longaeva) tree rings from the White Mountains of California. Here's a
spectacular picture (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Notice how rather complacent these rings are.
 Here's
a close-up of the same rings of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)
seen in the previous picture (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Notice the very good marker ring (the narrowest ring seen towards the
right of the photograph).
 Our
laboratory spends much time extracting 13 mm cores from historic
structures around the Southeast. These oak (Quercus spp.) cores
came from the Hoskins House in Greensboro, North Carolina, and show
excellent variability in ring width that ensured successful dating
(outer rings between 1811 and 1813) (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 This
picture shows a row of disrupted cells in a tree ring from a bristlecone
pine (Pinus longaeva) growing in the White Mountains of California
(photo © R.K. Adams
and H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This is no ordinary frost ring. This one was
formed in the year 1627 B.C., and is connected with the eruption of Thera
in the Mediterranean Sea.
 I
had the opportunity to investigate the tree rings on the
"Messiah" violin and took this mosaic (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). The wood used by Antonio Stradivari and all
Cremonese violin makers for the violin top was Norway spruce (Picea
abies).
 I've
had many requests to provide digital pictures of charcoal samples that
show tree rings (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This first one shows tree rings in a charcoal
sample of pinyon (Pinus edulis) collected from southwestern New
Mexico.
 This
is another beautiful charcoal sample of pinyon (Pinus edulis)
collected from an archaeological site in southwestern New Mexico (photo ©
H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This picture shows the rings more close-up.
 A
series of fire scars on a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree
found growing on a kipuka in El Malpais National Monument in New Mexico (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
This image clearly shows how a tree can record multiple low-severity fire
scars.
 A
close-up of a fire scar in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree
from El Malpais National Monument in New Mexico (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Look closely to see which ring contains the scar seen on the left.
 A
fantastic close-up picture that shows how tree rings can be used to date
when during the growing season the wildfire occurred (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
This shows a section of a southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis)
found on Mt. Graham in southern Arizona. The fire occurred in the early
portion of the earlywood (EE) of 1842, probably in May or June.
 Yes,
trees in the southeastern United States also form fire scars. This image
shows a scar on a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) remnant section
taken from Lake Louise in extreme southern Georgia (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 A
cross section from a white spruce (Picea glauca) that was struck by
a snow avalanche (impact scar on the left side of the section) in the
Canadian Rocky Mountains near Alberta, Canada (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer and R.K. Adams).
 A
stunning picture showing tree rings of a ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) taken with the imaging system at the Laboratory of
Tree-Ring Science (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). One can clearly see the tracheids (individual
cells).
 An
even closer picture of an individual ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
tree ring from the same sample shown directly above (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 A
cross section from an eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) collected
by Rex Adams near Ashland, Wisconsin (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer and R.K. Adams).
The rings are extremely clear on this specimen.
 Perhaps
the most famous tree-ring specimen collected during my many expeditions to
El Malpais National Monument in New Mexico
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
This is the "Bannister Tree," a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) which has an inside date of about 200 B.C. and an outside
date of about A.D. 550.
 This
ponderosa pine tree (Pinus ponderosa) was growing alongside a
stream in Pine Canyon in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
The impact scar on the right was from a flood. Notice the resin behind the
scar and how the tree leaned to its left after it was struck by the flood
water.
 A
beautiful picture of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) tree rings
from El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). The tree here grew from lower left to upper
right.
 These
cores were extracted from white oak trees (Quercus alba) growing in
Iowa (photo © T.J.
Blasing). They clearly show the effects on tree growth by two major
drought events, one in 1894 and the other in 1934.
 A
remnant piece of wood from a ponderosa pine tree (Pinus ponderosa)
that I found at El Malpais National Monument (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
This one dated back to the early 1300s, and it was far from being the
oldest in the area!
 A
close-up picture of CRE340, the remnant piece of ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) pictured above (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Notice the high degree of "sensitivity" in these rings. In other
words, the ring widths vary considerably form one year to the next. This
is an important property required for successful tree-ring dating.
 Another
close-up of CRE340, the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) section
shown in the pictures above (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Notice this time the pinpricks for the year AD 1400 (three dots) and for
AD 1390 (one dot below). Also notice the narrow rings for the years AD
1399, 1405 and 1407, a classic "signature" pattern.
 An
incredible set of tree rings on a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)
section from Lake Louise in southern Georgia (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Notice how tight the ring growth is here. Longleaf pines are very
slow-growing and ideal for reconstructing climate in the coastal plain
region of the Southeastern U.S.
 A
cross section from a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) found
in Bandelier National Monument, near Santa Fe, New Mexico. This section
shows numerous fire scars, marked with arrows (photo © C.D. Allen and
H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Also notice the large curl of wood after the last
scar, indicating no fires have occurred in nearly 100 years.
 This
image shows a very nice fire scar in a ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) I collected at the Lubrecht Experimental Forest in Montana
for the 2003 North American Dendroecological Fieldweek
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 An
amazing set of fire scars shown in a section taken from a sugar pine (Pinus
lambertiana) growing in California (photo
© A.C. Caprio).
 A
cross section of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) that shows
several fire scars (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). Note how complacent
the tree rings are of this species compared to western pine species.
 A
cross section of a Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)
snag found in El Malpais National Monument near Grants, New Mexico (it's
about 3 feet across) (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer and R.K. Adams). This
tree had a pith date of 256 BC and an outer ring of about AD 1320, making
this tree nearly 1,600 years old when it died!
 A
cross section of a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) showing
a remarkable release in growth (notice the wider rings that start in the
middle of the photo) following a widespread and intense fire in A.D. 1297
(photo © T.W. Swetnam and A.C. Caprio).
 A
close-up of a cross section of a sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)
from Sequoia National Park showing a series of fire scars (photo © A.C.
Caprio).
 A
close-up of a cross-section of a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum) showing numerous fire scars and the growth patterns that
resulted (photo © A.C. Caprio).
 This
picture shows a close-up of tree rings from West Indian pine (Pinus
occidentalis), collected from the Dominican Republic (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). This tree was growing at over 3,000 meters in elevation.
 Longleaf
pines (Pinus palustris) once dominated the coastal plain of the
southeastern U.S. (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Remnant sections of trees from this former forest can be found in specific
locations, such as the edges of swamps. This particular section has tree
rings dating to the late 1400s (near the bottom of the image)!
 This
picture shows a cross section of a southwestern white pine tree (Pinus
strobiformis) collected in the Pinaleño Mountains of southeastern
Arizona (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This tree, growing at about 9,500
feet (2,900 meters) elevation, does not have as many scars as trees found
at lower elevations in the same mountains.
 Another
picture of a cross section of a southwestern white pine tree (Pinus
strobiformis) collected near Mount Graham in the Pinaleño Mountains
of southeastern Arizona (photo © J. Psaltis). Notice the fire scars that
appear on the left side of the cross section. These are more numerous than
the ones in the previous photo.
 This
shows a cross-section from another longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)
remnant I found around Lake Louise in southern Georgia (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). Notice how very tight the rings are. The location around
this lake produced nearly 100 such beautiful remnants.
 This
image shows what the tree rings of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)
look like up close (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Notice the variable
ring widths, which indicate this species at this site is suitable for
reconstructing past climate.
 Increment
cores taken from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees growing
on Mt. Graham in southeastern Arizona (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Note
the suppression in tree growth around 1685 due to a forest fire that
caused damage to the trees. In the sequoia photo in Tree Rings 2, we saw a
growth increase after a fire.
 Close-up
of a cross section of a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) from
Oregon, showing periods of growth reduction caused by pandora moths (photo
© J.H. Speer). Note the narrow rings that begin around 1631, 1661, and
1677.
 Fire
scars are numerous in giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This section from Circle Meadow in Sequoia
National Park shows a sequence of fire scars dating back to the AD 500s.
 This
photo chows a close-up of the two fire scars seen in the upper portion of
the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron
giganteum) in the
previous photograph (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Notice how tree growth curled over the wound
caused by fire in subsequent years.
 A
block diagram showing the tree rings of an ash tree (Fraxinus spp.).
This type of wood structure is known as "ring porous" wood and
is found on such species as as oak (Quercus spp.) and elm (Ulmus
spp.) (growth is to the right) (photo © 1970 American Forestry
Association, from William M. Harlow Inside Wood: Masterpiece of Nature).
 The
famous Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) tree-ring specimen from
Broken Flute Cave in northeastern Arizona, with the year AD 550 marked
(photo © LTRR). Note the marker rings for the years AD 536 and 543. This
tree was not 1,500 years old when it died, but was dated absolutely
against a nearby reference chronology for northwestern New Mexico.
 This
image shows tree rings from an Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)
growing on Mt. Graham in southeastern Arizona (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
Interestingly, this area burned up in the Clark Peak fire of 1996.
 Close-up
photographs of conifer tree rings showing different types and rates of
tree growth. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) top left, sugar
pine (PInus lambertiana) top right, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) bottom left, and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) bottom
right) (photo © 1970 American Forestry Association, from William M.
Harlow Inside Wood: Masterpiece of Nature).
 A
nice picture that shows why diffuse-porous wood is difficult to work with
in dendrochronology (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). This is a sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and
the ring boundaries are not as distinct as found on conifers.
 A
close-up photograph of the tree rings shown in the sugar maple (Acer
saccharum) pictured above
(photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer).
 Close-up
photographs of two sets of tree rings, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) on the top and red spruce (Picea rubens) on the
bottom (growth is to the right) (photo © 1970 American Forestry
Association, from William M. Harlow Inside Wood: Masterpiece of Nature).
 Here
we have a picture of a very rare conifer species, stinking cedar (Torreya
taxifolia), collected from northwestern Florida (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer). The species is considered on the brink of
extinction by many.
 This
picture shows a close-up of one of the tree rings in the picture shown
above of stinking cedar (Torreya taxifolia) (photo
© H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 A
close-up photograph of an individual tree ring of white pine (Pinus
strobus) showing the earlywood (larger cells) and latewood (smaller
cells), as well as a resin duct (growth is from bottom to top) (photo ©
1970 American Forestry Association, from William M. Harlow Inside Wood:
Masterpiece of Nature).
 Diagram
showing the various density measurements that can be obtained using image
analysis (photo © P.R. Sheppard).
 A
cross section of a small red oak (Quercus rubra) that clearly shows
the tree rings in both the heartwood (darker colored wood in the center)
and sapwood (lighter colored wood towards the outside) (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer).
 A
diagram showing how the intra-annual position of fire scars helps
determine the season of past fire occurrence (photo © T.W. Swetnam).
 Here
we have a cross section from a small red pine (Pinus resinosa) that
shows excellent variability in its ring widths, despite its young age
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
 This
figure shows increment cores taken from Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) growing at El Malpais National Monument (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). The "18" on the side of the cores shows the
location of the year "1800." The dark lines connect narrow and
wide rings, demonstrating crossdating between the trees.
 This
simple image shows the tree rings of a famous Pemberton white oak (Quercus
alba) tree that fell down due to old age on August 2, 2002, near
Bristol, Tennessee
(photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
The tertiary limbs on this tree dated to the 1760s. Who knows what the
trunk would have dated to had it not been so decayed.
 A
close-up picture showing the tree-ring patterns from a longleaf pine tree
(Pinus palustris) growing in southern Georgia (photo © H.D.
Grissino-Mayer). This tree was growing in a near-subtropical environment,
so we were surprised to see this variability in ring widths.
 A
simple, yet elegant picture of tree rings from a very young balsam fir (Abies
balsamea) (photo © H.D. Grissino-Mayer). Actually, this was my
Christmas tree in December 1998 in Valdosta, Georgia!
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